Ivermectin has beneficial effects against SARS-COV-2
Ivermectin has beneficial effects against SARS-COV-2 is an argument derived from over 76 independent studies conducted by researchers around the world showing an unambiguous medical benefit in the treatment of patients suffering from SARS-COV-2 infection and the resultant Covid-19 disease.
Reasons & Support @namespace svg url(http://www.w3.org/2000/svg); svg|a { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:visited { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:hover { text-decoration:underline; } .svgh:hover { text-decoration:underline; } @media only screen and (max-width:667px) { .annotation-text { font-weight:400; } } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:500; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:900; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff') format('woff'); } 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ All studies 65% 76 57,647 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 71% 51 44,741 Primary outcome 59% 76 57,700 Mortality 57% 37 44,932 Ventilation 46% 12 2,316 ICU admission 57% 7 21,857 Hospitalization 41% 20 11,380 Recovery 51% 24 3,866 Cases 78% 15 13,297 Viral clearance 57% 22 2,614 RCTs 57% 32 7,032 RCTs w/exc. 63% 25 4,423 Peer-reviewed 67% 55 25,228 Peer-rvw w/exc. 70% 41 21,188 Prophylaxis 83% 16 19,365 Early 66% 30 27,832 Late 39% 30 10,450 Ivermectin for COVID-19 ivmmeta.com Jan 22, 2022 Favors ivermectin Favors control
•Statistically significant improvements are seen for [mortality](#fig_fpd), [ventilation](#fig_fpm), [ICU admission](#fig_fpi), [hospitalization](#fig_fph), [recovery](#fig_fpry), [cases](#fig_fpc), and [viral clearance](#fig_fpv). All remain significant after [exclusions](https://ivmmeta.com/supp.html). 49 studies from 45 independent teams in 21 different countries show statistically significant improvements in isolation (37 primary outcome, 34 most serious outcome).
•Meta analysis using the most serious outcome shows 66% \[53‑75%\] and 83% \[74‑89%\] improvement for [early treatment and prophylaxis](#fig_fpep), with similar results after [exclusion based sensitivity analysis](#fig_fpe) (excluding all GMK/BBC team studies), for [primary outcomes](https://ivmmeta.com/supp.html), for [peer-reviewed studies](#fig_fpp), and for [RCTs](#fig_fpr).
•Results are very robust — in worst case exclusion sensitivity analysis 60 of 76 studies must be excluded to avoid finding statistically significant efficacy.
@namespace svg url(http://www.w3.org/2000/svg); svg|a { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:visited { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:hover { text-decoration:underline; } .svgh:hover { text-decoration:underline; } @media only screen and (max-width:667px) { .annotation-text { font-weight:400; } } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:500; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:900; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff') format('woff'); } 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ All studies 65% 76 57,647 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 71% 51 44,741 Primary outcome 59% 76 57,700 Mortality 57% 37 44,932 Ventilation 46% 12 2,316 ICU admission 57% 7 21,857 Hospitalization 41% 20 11,380 Recovery 51% 24 3,866 Cases 78% 15 13,297 Viral clearance 57% 22 2,614 RCTs 57% 32 7,032 RCTs w/exc. 63% 25 4,423 Peer-reviewed 67% 55 25,228 Peer-rvw w/exc. 70% 41 21,188 Prophylaxis 83% 16 19,365 Early 66% 30 27,832 Late 39% 30 10,450 Ivermectin for COVID-19 ivmmeta.com Jan 22, 2022 Favors ivermectin Favors control
•While [many treatments](https://c19early.com/) have some level of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid infection. Only 25% of ivermectin studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
•[Multiple treatments](https://c19early.com/) are typically used in combination, which may be significantly more effective.
•Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used, including treatments, as supported by Pfizer \[[Pfizer](#ref_pfizerq22021), [TrialSiteNews](#ref_trialsitepfizer)\]. Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral damage, and endemic risk.
_Studies_
_[Prophylaxis](#fig_fp)_
_[Early treatment](#fig_fp)_
_[Late treatment](#fig_fp)_
_Patients_
_Authors_
[All studies](#fig_fp)
76
- 83%** \[74‑89%\]
- 66%** \[53‑75%\]
- 39%** \[23‑52%\]
57,647
718
[Peer-reviewed](#fig_fpp)[Peer-reviewed](#fig_fpp)
55
- 83%** \[73‑90%\]
- 68%** \[50‑80%\]
- 41%** \[17‑58%\]
25,228
558
[With GMK/BBC exclusions](#bbc)[w/GMK/BBC exclusions](#bbc)
51
- 82%** \[68‑89%\]
- 73%** \[64‑80%\]
- 53%** \[29‑69%\]
44,741
545
[Randomized Controlled Trials](#fig_fpr)[RCTs](#fig_fpr)
32
- 84%** \[25‑96%\]
- 62%** \[45‑74%\]
- 23%** \[-1‑41%\]
7,032
361
[RCTs w/GMK/BBC exclusions](/supp.html#fig_fpre)[RCTs w/GMK/BBC exc.](/supp.html#fig_fpre)
25
- 84%** \[25‑96%\]
- 69%** \[56‑77%\]
- 26%** \[-2‑46%\]
4,423
299
_Percentage improvement with ivermectin treatment_
•There is evidence of a negative publication bias, and the probability that an ineffective treatment generated results as positive as the 76 studies is estimated to be 1 in 68 billion.
•[Over 20 countries](https://ivmstatus.com/) have adopted ivermectin for COVID-19. The evidence base is [much larger](#table_whoapproval) and has much lower conflict of interest than typically used to approve drugs.
•All data to reproduce this paper and sources are in the [appendix](#appendix_methods). See \[[Bryant](#ref_bryant), [Hariyanto](#ref_hariyanto2), [Kory](#ref_kory3), [Lawrie](#ref_lawrie), [Nardelli](#ref_nardelli)\] for other meta analyses with similar results confirming efficacy.
[@namespace svg url(http://www.w3.org/2000/svg); svg|a { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:visited { color:#606060; /\* lc \*/ fill:#606060; /\* lc \*/ } svg|a:hover { text-decoration:underline; } .svgh:hover { text-decoration:underline; } @media only screen and (max-width:667px) { .annotation-text { font-weight:400; } } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:500; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-500.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto'; font-style:normal; font-weight:900; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-v27-latin-900.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:300; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-300italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700.woff') format('woff'); } @font-face { font-family:'Roboto Condensed'; font-style:italic; font-weight:700; font-display:swap; src:local(), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('/fonts/roboto-condensed-v19-latin-700italic.woff') format('woff'); } 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Kory et al. 69% 0.31 \[0.20-0.47\] Improvement, RR \[CI\] Bryant et al. 62% 0.38 \[0.19-0.73\] Lawrie et al. 83% 0.17 \[0.08-0.35\] Nardelli et al. 79% 0.21 \[0.11-0.36\] Hariyanto et al. 69% 0.31 \[0.15-0.62\] WHO (OR) 81% 0.19 \[0.09-0.36\] ivmmeta 57% 0.43 \[0.32-0.57\] Ivermectin meta analysis mortality results ivmmeta.com Jan 22, 2022 Favors ivermectin Favors control](#fig_metam)
[Global adoption: 37%](https://ivmstatus.com/)
[](https://ivmstatus.com/)
_Evidence base used for other COVID-19 approvals_
Medication
Studies
Patients
Improvement
[Molnupiravir (UK)](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-oral-antiviral-for-covid-19-lagevrio-molnupiravir-approved-by-mhra)
1
775
50%
[Budesonide (UK)](https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2021/04/C1253-interim-position-statement-inhaled-budesonide-for-adults.pdf)
1
1,779
17%
[Remdesivir (USA EUA)](https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment)
1
1,063
31%
[Casirivimab/i.. (USA EUA)](https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19)
1
799
66%
_Ivermectin evidence_
76
57,623
65% \[57‑72%\]
| Statement of the claim | Ivermectin has beneficial effects against SARS-COV-2 |
| Level of certainty | True |
| Nature | Factual |
| Counterclaim | Ivermectin has no effect or detrimental effects against SARS-COV-2 |
| Dependent on | |
| Dependency of |
|
References
ivmmeta.com